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Cienc. tecnol. salud ; 4(1): 58-67, 20170600. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-882838

ABSTRACT

La hepatitis B (HB) es un problema de relevancia mundial para la salud pública y ocupacional. Diferentes informes indican una seroprevalencia intermedia del altamente transmisible virus de la hepatitis B (VHB) en Guatemala, que impone un riesgo sobre los trabajadores de salud (TS). Este artículo describe la adherencia a prácticas preventivas, la seroprevalencia de anticuerpos contra el antígeno de superficie (anti-HBs) y el riesgo de accidente ocupacional punzocortante en TS del Hospital Nacional Pedro de Bethancourt de Guatemala. En 121 TS voluntarios, se estimó la prevalencia de exposiciones, prácticas preventivas, concentración de anticuerpos anti-HBs, utilizando Elisa, así como odds ratios (OR) de diferentes factores de riesgo para heridas punzocortantes. Tener contacto con pacientes (69%) y manipular material punzocortante (63%) o biológico (54%) fueron identificados como peligros de exposición al VHB. Los TS entrevistados indicaron respetar las normas de bioseguridad (75%),utilizar guantes (69%) y estar vacunados (48%). La prevalencia de anti-HBs fue del 43%. El riesgo de accidentes punzocortantes fue 9 veces mayor para médicos (OR, 8.9; IC 95% [1.7, 63]; p = .0017) y 3 veces mayor para enfermeros (OR, 3.2; IC 95% [1.15, 9.1]; p = .0121), que para el resto del personal. Las prácticas de bioseguridad e inmunización son deficientes entre los TS del hospital, a pesar de ser una población con riesgo de infección por el VHB. Se recomienda fortalecer las competencias sobre bioseguridad y el cumplimiento de medidas preventivas en el hospital, así como institucionalizar la vacunación contra VHB para todos los TS.


Hepatitis B is a major, global issue for both public and occupational health. Reports indicate an intermediate seroprevalence of the highly transmissible hepatitis B virus (HBV) in Guatemala, imposing a high risk for healthcare workers (HCWs). We describe the adherence to preventive practices, seroprevalence of surface antigen's antibodies (anti-HBs) and the risk of puncture-related occupational accidents with medical sharps among HCWs, at Guatemalan Pedro de Bethancourt National Hospital (PBNH). Prevalence of exposure and prevention practices was estimated in 121 volunteering HCWs, as well as serum concentrations of anti-HBs, using ELISA. Odds ratios (OR) of risk factors for puncture wounds with medical sharps were estimated. Contact with patients (69%), medical sharps (63%) and biological material (54%) were identified as a risk of exposure to HBV. Of all volunteersinterviewed, 75% reported compliance with biosafety standards, 69% use surgical gloves and 48% reported having been vaccinated. Seroprevalence of anti-HBs was 43%. The risk of injuries with medical sharps was 9-fold among physicians and 3-fold among nurses, as compared with the rest of the hospital staff (OR, 8.9, 95% CI [1.7, 63], p = .0017; OR, 3.2, 95% CI) [1.15, 9.1], p = .0121, respectively). Biosecurity and immunization practices are por among hospital HCWs, despite being a population at high risk for HBV infection. We recommend that biosecurity capacity building and compliance with preventive practices be ensured. A sustainable HBV vaccination program for all HCWs should be institutionalized.


Subject(s)
Communicable Disease Control , Cross Infection/prevention & control , Occupational Health/education , Occupational Medicine
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